The thyroid gland is one of the largest glands in the human body. Its role is to produce thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones act throughout our body & affect our metabolism, growth & development, & body temperature. Adequate thyroid hormone is crucial for brain development in early childhood.

Thyroid disorders are one of the most common endocrine disorders worldwide. In India, too, there is a significant burden of thyroid diseases.

Five common thyroid diseases in India are:

1. Hypothyroidism (deficiency of thyroid hormone)
2.  Hyperthyroidism (overproduction of thyroid hormone)
3.  Goitre (abnormal enlargement of the gland) & iodine deficiency disorders
4.  Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (autoimmune disorder)
5.  Thyroid cancer

Early diagnosis & treatment significantly impact the management of the disease. The incidence & type of thyroid disease depend on sex, age, ethnicity, geographical factors & most importantly on iodine intake.

A high intake of iodine is associated with a lower prevalence of goitre & hypothyroidism. Whereas low intake is related to a higher prevalence of hyperthyroidism. hypothyroidism & hyperthyroidism are more common in women than in men.

Endocrinologists are specialist doctors who treat hormone problems like thyroid disease & others.

There are many misconceptions about thyroid disease. Here are a few most common ones:

• • Thyroid symptoms disappear immediately once the medication starts.

-It takes time for thyroid levels to normalize. Some people need medicines for months before they begin to feel better. 

• •  People with thyroid issues will be on medication for life.

-It depends on the individual and the reason for thyroid development. For example, a few women develop thyroid problems during or after pregnancy. In such women, once the hormone levels are stabilized, medication can be modified.

• •  One may skip or stop medication if the symptoms are mild.

-The thyroid is responsible for many critical bodily functions. Absence of treatment even for mild symptoms of the disease may lead to significant health problems like heart disease, osteoporosis, & infertility.

• • Thyroid disease strikes in mid or late stages of life.

-Thyroid conditions can arise at any age. While hypothyroidism usually hits after the age of 50, hyperthyroidism (or an overactive thyroid) is most common in people between 20-40 years of age.

• • Symptoms of thyroid disease are often visible.

Symptoms of both hypothyroidism & hyperthyroidism are vague & can be easily missed, hence may often get ignored. Early signs may include:

• • • Abnormal weight gain
    • Neck enlargement
    • Change in bowel habits
    • Change in sleeping patterns
    • Mood fluctuations
    • Mild anxiety or depression
    • Frequent & heavy menstrual flow
    • Thinning hair, dry hair, & hair loss
    • Skin dryness
    • Difficulty in conceiving
    • Weakness – feeling exhausted
    • Muscle cramps or joint pain

A consultation with an endocrinologist is advisable in such cases.